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Herbs & Supplements

American Coneflower
Scientific Name: Echinacea
Other Names: Black Sampson, Comb Flower, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea, Hedgehog, Indian Head, Purple Coneflower, Rudbeckia, Sampson Head, Scurvy Root, Snakeroot

References

Adam KL. Echinacea as an alternative crop. Horticulture Technical Note. Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas. National Center for Appropriate Technology. U.S. Department of Agriculture. June 2002. Available at: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/echinacea.html. Accessed May 21, 2003.

Aggarwal A, Ades PA. Interactions of herbal remedies with prescription cardiovascular medications. Coronary Artery Disease. 2001;12(7):581-584.

Agnew LL, Guffogg SP, Matthias A, Lehmann RP, Bone KM, Watson K. Echinacea intake induces an immune response through altered expression of leucocyte [sic] hsp70, increased white cell counts and improved erythrocyte antioxidant defences [sic]. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2005;30(4):363-369.

Anon: Echinacea. In: DerMarderosian A, Beutler JA, eds. Facts and Comparisons: The Review of Natural Products. St. Louis, MO, Facts and Comparisons. July 2000.

Barnes J, Anderson LA, Gibbons S, Phillipson JD. Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell., Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench): a review of their chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2005 Aug;57(8):929-954.

Barrett B. Echinacea: a safety review. HerbalGram. 2003;57:36-39.

Barrett B. Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pediatrics. 2004;145(1):135-136.

Barrett BP, Brown RL, Locken K, Maberry R, Bobula JA, D'Alessio D. Treatment of the common cold with unrefined echinacea. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002;137:939-946.

Berg, AH, Northoff D, Konig C, Weinstock, et al. Influence of echinacin (EC31) treatment on the exercise-induced immune response in athletes. Journal of Clinical Research. 1998;1:367-380.

Bielory L. Complementary and alternative interventions in asthma, allergy, and immunology. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. 2004;93(2 Suppl 1):S45-S54.

Block KI, Mead MN. Immune system effects of echinacea, ginseng, and astragalus: a review. Integrated Cancer Therapy. 2003;2(3):247-267.

Brush J, Mendenhall E, Guggenheim A, et al. The effect of Echinacea purpurea, Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza glabra on CD69 expression and immune cell activation in humans. Phytotherapy Research. 2006;20(8):687-695.

Carr RR, Nahata MC. Complementary and alternative medicine for upper-respiratory-tract infection in children. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2006;63(1):33-39.

Caruso TJ, Gwaltney JM Jr. Treatment of the common cold with echinacea: a structured review. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2005;40(6):807-810.

Chase C. Small trial fails to show benefits of echinacea to treat genital herpes. HerbalGram. 2003;57:21-22.

Chow G, Johns T, Miller SC. Dietary Echinacea purpurea during murine pregnancy: effect on maternal hemopoiesis and fetal growth. Biology of the Neonate. 2006;89(2):133-138.

Coltrain D. Economic issues with echinacea. Department of Agricultural Economics. Kansas State University. Reviewed August 2002.

Complementary and Alternative Medicines Institute. University of the Sciences in Philadelphia. Echinacea. 2000. Available at: http://www.cami.usip.edu/monographs/echinacea.htm. Accessed April 9, 2003.

Delorme D, Miller SC. Dietary consumption of Echinacea by mice afflicted with autoimmune (type I) diabetes: effect of consuming the herb on hemopoietic and immune cell dynamics. Autoimmunity. 2005;38(6):453-461.

Di Carlo G, Nuzzo I, Capasso R, et al. Modulation of apoptosis in mice treated with Echinacea and St. John's wort. Pharmacological Research. 2003;48(3):273-277.

Di Carlo G, Pacilio M, Capasso R, Di Carlo R. Effect on prolactin secretion of Echinacea purpurea, hypericum perforatum and Eleutherococcus senticosus. Phytomedicine. 2005;12(9):644-647.

Ernst E. The risk/benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: ginkgo, St. John's wort, ginseng, echinacea, saw palmetto, and kava. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002;136:42-53.

Facino RM, Carini M, Aldini G, et al. Echinacoside and caffeoyl conjugates protect collagen from free radical-induced degradation: a potential use of echinacea extracts in the prevention of skin photodamage. Planta Medica. 1995;61:510-514.

Flannery, Michael. From rudbeckia to echinacea: the emergence of the purple cone flower in modern therapeutics. Pharmacy in History.1999;41(2):52-59.

Freier DO, Wright K, Klein K, Voll et al. Enhancement of the humoral immune response by Echinacea purpurea in female Swiss mice. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2003;25(4):551-560.

Gagnier JJ, DeMelo J, Boon H, Rochon P, Bombardier C. Quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials of herbal medicine interventions. American Journal of Medicine. 2006;119(9):800.e1-e11.

Gallo M, Sarkar M, Au W, et al. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to echinacea: A prospective controlled study. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000;160(20):3141-3143.

Garrard J, Harms S, Eberly LE, Matiak A. Variations in product choices of frequently purchased herbs: caveat emptor. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003;163(19):2290-2295.

Gillespie EL, Coleman CI. The effect of Echinacea on upper respiratory infection symptom severity and quality of life. Connecticut Medicine. 2006;70(2):93-97.

Gilroy CM, Steiner JF, Byers T, Shapiro H, Georgian W. Echinacea and truth in labeling. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003;163(6):699-704.

Glick D. Poaching wild echinacea. American Botanical Council HerbClip. 1999.

Goel V, Lovlin R, Barton R, et al. Efficacy of a standardized echinacea preparation (Echinilin) for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2004;29(1):75-83.

Goldhaber-Fiebart S, Kemper KJ. Echinacea (E. angustifolia, E. pallida, and E. purpurea). The Longwood Herbal Task Force. August 20, 1999. Available at: http://www.mcp.edu/herbal/echinacea/echinacea.pdf Accessed: March 28, 2003.

Gorski JC, Huang SM, Pinto A, et al. The effect of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2004;75(1):89-100.

Groom SN, Johns T, Oldfield PR. The potency of immunomodulatory herbs may be primarily dependent upon macrophage activation. Journal of Medical Food. 2007;10(1):73-79.

Hall H, Fahlman MM, Engels HJ. Echinacea purpurea and mucosal immunity. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2007;28(9):792-797.

Haughton C. Echinacea angustifolia (D.C.) Heller. Revised September 23, 2002. Available at: : http://www.purplesage.org.uk/profiles/echinacea.htm. Accessed March 28, 2003.

HealthNotes, Inc. Echinacea. 2002. Available at: http://www.mycustompak.com/healthNotes/Herb/Echinacea.htm Accessed March 28, 2003.

Henneicke-von Zepelin H, Hentschel C, Schnitker J, et al. Efficacy and safety of a fixed combination phytomedicine in the treatment of the common cold (acute viral respiratory tract infection): results of a randomised [sic], double blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre [sic] study. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1999;15(3):214-227.

Hill LL, Foote JC, Erickson BD, Cerniglia CE, Denny GS. Echinacea purpurea supplementation stimulates select groups of human gastrointestinal tract microbiota. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2006;31(6):599-604.

Hinz B, Woelkart K, Bauer R. Alkamides from Echinacea inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 activity in human neuroglioma cells. Biochemistry and Biophysics Research Communications. 2007;360(2):441-446.

Huntimer ED, Halaweish FT, Chase CC. Proliferative activity of Echinacea angustifolia root extracts on cancer cells: Interference with doxorubicin cytotoxicity. Chemistry and Biodiversity. 2006;3(6):695-703.

Izzo AA, Ernst E. Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: a systematic review. Drugs. 2001;61(15):2163-2175.

Jellin JM, Gregory P, Batz F, Hitchens K, et al, eds. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 3rd Edition. Stockton CA: Therapeutic Research Facility, 2000.

Jurkstiene V, Kondrotas AJ, Kevelaitis E. Compensatory reactions of immune system and action of Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) preparations. [Article in Lithuanian] Medicina (Kaunas). 2004;40(7):657-662.

Kindscher K. Threats to Wild Echinacea Populations. In: Kindscher K, ed. The Conservation Status of Echinacea Species. Lawrence, KS; University of Kansas Press: 2006.

Kligler B. Echinacea. American Family Physician. 2003;67:77-80 and 83.

Lee LS, Andrade AS, Flexner C. Interactions between natural health products and antiretroviral drugs: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2006;43(8):1052-1059.

Linde K, Barrett B, Wolkart K, Bauer R, Melchart D. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Systematic Review. 2006 Jan 25;(1):CD000530.

Lindenmuth GF, Lindenmuth EB. The efficacy of echinacea compound herbal tea preparation on the severity and duration of upper respiratory and flu symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2000;6(4):327-334.

Luettig B, Steinmuller C, Gifford GE, et al. Macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1989;81(9):669-675.

Mar C. An evidence-based review of the 10 most commonly used herbs. Western Journal of Medicine. 1999;171(33):1-5.

McCaleb R. Echinacea for athletes. HerbalGram.1999;47:29.

McCaleb R. Echinacea: mixed results from recent trials. HerbalGram. 1999;45:25.

McCaleb R. Echinacea safety confirmed. HerbalGram.1998;42:15.

Meijerman I, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH. Herb-drug interactions in oncology: focus on mechanisms of induction. Oncologist. 2006;11(7):742-752.

Melchart D, Clemm C, Weber B, et al. Polysaccharides isolated from Echinacea purpurea herba cell cultures to counteract undesired effects of chemotherapy--a pilot study. Phytotherapy Research. 2002;16(2):138-142.

Melchart D, Linde K, Worku F, et al. Results of five randomized studies on the immunomodulatory activity of preparations of Echinacea. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 1995;1(2):145-160.

Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998;158(20): 2200-2211.

Miller SC. Echinacea: a miracle herb against aging and cancer? Evidence in vivo in mice. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2005;2(3):309-314.

Mishima S, Saito K, Maruyama H, et al. Antioxidant and immuno-enhancing effects of Echinacea purpurea. Biology and Pharmacology Bulletin. 2004;27(7):1004-1009.

Narimanian M, Badalyan M, Panosyan V, et al. Randomized trial of a fixed combination (KanJang) of herbal extracts containing Adhatoda vasica, Echinacea purpurea and Eleutherococcus senticosus in patients with upper respiratory tract infections. Phytomedicine. 2005;12(8):539-547.

Perfect MM, Bourne N, Ebel C, Rosenthal SL. Use of complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of genital herpes. Herpes. 2005;12(2):38-41.

Perri D, Dugoua JJ, Mills E, Koren G. Safety and efficacy of echinacea (Echinacea angustafolia [sic], e. purpurea and e. pallida) during pregnancy and lactation. Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2006;13(3):e262-e267.

Randolph RK, Gellenbeck K, Stonebrook K, et al. Regulation of human immune gene expression as influenced by a commercial blended Echinacea product: preliminary studies. Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood). 2003;228(9):1051-1056.

Roxas M, Jurenka J. Colds and influenza: a review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations. Alternative Medicine Review. 2007;12(1):25-48.

Santaella RM, Fraunfelder FW. Ocular adverse effects associated with systemic medications : recognition and management. Drugs. 2007;67(1):75-93.

Schoop R, Klein P, Suter A, Johnston SL. Echinacea in the prevention of induced rhinovirus colds: a meta-analysis. Clinical Therapeutics. 2006;28(2):174-183.

Schwarz E, Parlesak A, Henneicke-von Zepelin HH, Bode JC, Bode C. Effect of oral administration of freshly pressed juice of Echinacea purpurea on the number of various subpopulations of B- and T-lymphocytes in healthy volunteers: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Phytomedicine. 2005;12(9):625-631.

Senchina DS, Wu L, Flinn GN, et al. Year-and-a-Half Old, Dried Echinacea Roots Retain Cytokine-Modulating Capabilities in an in vitro Human Older Adult Model of Influenza Vaccination. Planta Medica. 2006;72(13):1207-1215.

Shah SA, Sander S, White CM, Rinaldi M, Coleman CI. Evaluation of echinacea for the prevention and treatment of the common cold: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infectious Disease. 2007;7(7):473-480.

Spellman K, Burns J, Nichols D, Winters N, Ottersberg S, Tenborg M. Modulation of cytokine expression by traditional medicines: a review of herbal immunomodulators. Alternative Medicine Review. 2006;11(2):128-150.

Sperber SJ, Shah LP, Gilbert RD, Ritchey TW, Monto AS. Echinacea purpurea for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2004;38(10):1367-1371.

Speroni E, Govoni P, Guizzardi S, Renzulli C, Guerra MC. Anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activity of Echinacea pallida Nutt. root extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002;79(2):265-272.

Steinmuller C, Roesler J, Grottrup E, Franke G, Wagner H, Lohmann-Matthes ML. Polysaccharides isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea enhance the resistance of immunosuppressed mice against systemic infections with Candida albicans and Listeria monocytogenes. International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1993;15(5):605-614.

Sterer N, Rubinstein Y. Effect of various natural medicinals on salivary protein putrefaction and malodor production. Quintessence International. 2006;37(8):653-658.

Taylor JA, Weber W, Standish L, et al. Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003;290(21):2824-2830.

Thompson KD. Antiviral activity of Viracea against acyclovir susceptible and acyclovir resistant strains of herpes simplex virus. Antiviral Research. 1998;39(1):55-61.

Tragni E, Galli CL, Tubaro A, Del Negro P, Della Loggia R. Anti-inflammatory activity of Echinacea angustifolia fractions separated on the basis of molecular weight. Pharmacological Research Communications. 1988;20(Suppl 5):87-90.

Tubaro A, Tragni E, Del Negro P, Galli CL, Della Loggia R. Anti-inflammatory activity of a polysaccharidic fraction of Echinacea angustifolia. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1987;39(7):567-569.

Turner RB, Bauer R, Woelkart K, Hulsey TC, Gangemi JD. An evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infections. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;353(4):341-348. Webb G. Echinacea clinical studies reviewed. HerbalGram. 1996;37:17.

Weber W, Taylor JA, Stoep AV, Weiss NS, Standish LJ, Calabrese C. Echinacea purpurea for prevention of upper respiratory tract infections in children. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2005;11(6):1021-1026.

Yale SH, Glurich I. Analysis of the inhibitory potential of Ginkgo biloba, Echinacea purpurea, and Serenoa repens on the metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2005;11(3):433-439.

Yale SH, Liu K. Echinacea purpurea therapy for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004;164(11):1237-1241.

Zhai Z, Liu Y, Wu L, et al. Enhancement of innate and adaptive immune functions by multiple echinacea species. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2007;10(3):423-434.

Last Revised October 10, 2007

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Note: The above information is not intended to replace the advice of your physician, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional. It is not meant to indicate that the use of the product is safe, appropriate, or effective for you.

In general, herbal products are not subject to review or approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They are not required to be standardized, meaning that the amounts of active ingredients or contaminants they contain may vary between brands or between different batches of the same brand. Not all of the risks, side effects, or interactions associated with the use of herbal products are known because few reliable studies of their use in humans have been done.

This information is provided for your education only. Please share this information with your healthcare provider and be sure that you talk to your doctor and pharmacist about all the prescription and non-prescription medicines you take before you begin to use any herbal product.

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